In web history, credit score for the preliminary idea that developed into the World Wide Web is usually given to Leonard Kleinrock. In 1961, he wrote about ARPANET, the predecessor of the web, in a paper entitled “Information Flow in Large Communication Nets.”
In accordance to the journal Administration and Enterprise Assessment (opens in new tab) (MBR), Kleinrock, together with different innovators corresponding to J.C.R. Licklider, the first director of the Data Processing Expertise Workplace (IPTO), offered the spine for the ubiquitous stream of emails, media, Fb postings and tweets that are actually shared on-line each day.
The precursor to the web was jumpstarted in the early days of the history of computer systems , in 1969 with the U.S. Protection Division’s Superior Analysis Initiatives Company Community (ARPANET), in accordance to the journal American Scientist (opens in new tab). ARPA-funded researchers developed a lot of the protocols used for web communication at the moment. This timeline gives a short history of the web’s evolution:
Internet timeline: Sixties
1965: Two computer systems at MIT Lincoln Lab talk with each other utilizing packet-switching expertise.
1968: Beranek and Newman, Inc. (BBN) unveils the ultimate model of the Interface Message Processor (IMP) specs. BBN wins ARPANET contract.
1969: On Oct. 29, UCLA’s Community Measurement Middle, Stanford Analysis Institute (SRI), College of California-Santa Barbara and College of Utah set up nodes. The primary message is “LO,” which was an try by pupil Charles Kline to “LOGIN” to the SRI laptop from the college. Nonetheless, the message was unable to be accomplished as a result of the SRI system crashed.
1970–1980
1972: BBN’s Ray Tomlinson introduces community e-mail. The Internet Working Group (INWG) kinds to tackle want for establishing normal protocols.
1973: World networking turns into a actuality as the College School of London (England) and Royal Radar Institution (Norway) join to ARPANET. The time period web is born.
1974: The primary Internet Service Supplier (ISP) is born with the introduction of a industrial model of ARPANET, referred to as Telenet.
1974: Vinton Cerf and Bob Kahn (the duo mentioned by many to be the Fathers of the Internet) publish “A Protocol for Packet Network Interconnection,” which particulars the design of TCP.
1976: Queen Elizabeth II hits the “send button” on her first e-mail.
1979: USENET kinds to host information and dialogue teams.
1980–1990
1981: The Nationwide Science Basis (NSF) offered a grant to set up the Laptop Science Community (CSNET) to present networking companies to college laptop scientists.
1982: Transmission Management Protocol (TCP) and Internet Protocol (IP), as the protocol suite, generally referred to as TCP/IP, emerge as the protocol for ARPANET. This ends in the fledgling definition of the web as linked TCP/IP internets. TCP/IP stays the normal protocol for the web.
1983: The Area Title System (DNS) establishes the acquainted .edu, .gov, .com, .mil, .org, .internet, and .int system for naming web sites. That is simpler to keep in mind than the earlier designation for web sites, corresponding to 123.456.789.10.
1984: William Gibson, creator of “Neuromancer,” is the first to use the time period “cyberspace.”
1985: Symbolics.com, the web site for Symbolics Laptop Corp. in Massachusetts, turns into the first registered area.
1986: The Nationwide Science Basis’s NSFNET goes on-line to linked supercomputer facilities at 56,000 bits per second — the velocity of a typical dial-up laptop modem. Over time the community hurries up and regional analysis and training networks, supported partially by NSF, are linked to the NSFNET spine — successfully increasing the Internet all through the United States. The NSFNET was primarily a community of networks that linked tutorial customers together with the ARPANET.
1987: The variety of hosts on the web exceeds 20,000. Cisco ships its first router.
1989: World.std.com turns into the first industrial supplier of dial-up entry to the web.
1990–2000
1990: Tim Berners-Lee, a scientist at CERN, the European Group for Nuclear Analysis, develops HyperText Markup Language (HTML). This expertise continues to have a big influence on how we navigate and consider the web at the moment.
1991: CERN introduces the World Wide Web to the public.
1992: The primary audio and video are distributed over the web. The phrase “surfing the internet” is popularized.
1993: The variety of web sites reaches 600 and the White Home and United Nations log on. Marc Andreesen develops the Mosaic Web browser at the College of Illinois, Champaign-Urbana. The variety of computer systems linked to NSFNET grows from 2,000 in 1985 to greater than 2 million in 1993. The Nationwide Science Basis leads an effort to define a brand new web structure that will assist the burgeoning industrial use of the community.
1994: Netscape Communications is born. Microsoft creates a Web browser for Home windows 95.
1994: Yahoo! is created by Jerry Yang and David Filo, two electrical engineering graduate college students at Stanford College. The location was initially known as “Jerry and David’s Guide to the World Wide Web.” The corporate was later included in March 1995.
1995: Compuserve, America On-line and Prodigy start to present web entry. Amazon.com, Craigslist and eBay go dwell. The unique NSFNET spine is decommissioned as the web’s transformation to a industrial enterprise is essentially accomplished.
1995: The primary on-line courting website, Match.com, launches.
1996: The browser warfare, primarily between the two main gamers Microsoft and Netscape, heats up. CNET buys television.com for $15,000.
1996: A 3D animation dubbed “The Dancing Child (opens in new tab)” turns into certainly one of the first viral movies.
1997: Netflix is based by Reed Hastings and Marc Randolph as an organization that sends customers DVDs by mail.
1997: PC makers can take away or disguise Microsoft’s web software program on new variations of Home windows 95, thanks to a settlement with the Justice Division. Netscape publicizes that its browser can be free.
1998: The Google search engine is born, altering the method customers have interaction with the web.
1998: The Internet Protocol model 6 launched, to enable for future development of Internet Addresses. The present most generally used protocol is model 4. IPv4 makes use of 32-bit addresses permitting for 4.3 billion distinctive addresses; IPv6, with 128-bit addresses, will enable 3.4 x 1038 distinctive addresses, or 340 trillion trillion trillion.
1999: AOL buys Netscape. Peer-to-peer file sharing turns into a actuality as Napster arrives on the Internet, a lot to the displeasure of the music business.
2000–2010
2000: The dot-com bubble bursts. Webwebsites corresponding to Yahoo! and eBay are hit by a large-scale denial of service assault, highlighting the vulnerability of the Internet. AOL merges with Time Warner
2001: A federal choose shuts down Napster, ruling that it should discover a method to cease customers from sharing copyrighted materials earlier than it will possibly return on-line.
2003: The SQL Slammer worm unfold worldwide in simply 10 minutes. Myspace, Skype and the Safari Web browser debut.
2003: The weblog publishing platform WordPress is launched.
2004: Fb goes on-line and the period of social networking begins. Mozilla unveils the Mozilla Firefox browser.
2005: YouTube.com launches. The social information website Reddit can be based.
2006: AOL adjustments its enterprise mannequin, providing most companies totally free and counting on promoting to generate income. The Internet Governance Discussion board meets for the first time.
2006: Twitter launches. The corporate’s founder, Jack Dorsey, sends out the very first tweet: “just setting up my twttr.”
2009: The web marks its fortieth anniversary.
2010–2020
2010: Fb reaches 400 million lively customers.
2010: The social media websites Pinterest and Instagram are launched.
2011: Twitter and Fb play a big function in the Center East revolts.
2012: President Barack Obama’s administration publicizes its opposition to main elements of the Cease On-line Piracy Act and the Shield Mental Property Act, which might have enacted broad new guidelines requiring web service suppliers to police copyrighted content material. The profitable push to cease the invoice, involving expertise firms corresponding to Google and nonprofit organizations together with Wikipedia and the Digital Frontier Basis, is taken into account a victory for websites corresponding to YouTube that depend upon user-generated content material, in addition to “fair use” on the web.
2013: Edward Snowden, a former CIA worker and Nationwide Safety Company (NSA) contractor, reveals that the NSA had in place a monitoring program able to tapping the communications of 1000’s of individuals, together with U.S. residents.
2013: Fifty-one p.c of U.S. adults report that they financial institution on-line, in accordance to a survey carried out by the Pew Analysis Middle.
2015: Instagram, the photo-sharing website, reaches 400 million customers, outpacing Twitter, which might go on to attain 316 million customers by the center of the identical yr.
2016: Google unveils Google Assistant, a voice-activated private assistant program, marking the entry of the web large into the “smart” computerized assistant market. Google joins Amazon’s Alexa, Siri from Apple, and Cortana from Microsoft.
2018: There’s a important rise in internet-enabled units. A rise in the Internet of Issues (IoT) sees round seven billion units by the finish of the yr.
2019: Fifth–era (5G) networks are launched, enabling speedier web connection on some wi-fi units.
2020–2022
2021: By January 2021, there are 4.66 billion individuals linked to the web. That is greater than half of the world inhabitants.
2022: Low–Earth orbit satellite tv for pc web is nearer to actuality. By early January 2022, SpaceX launches greater than 1,900 Starlink satellites total. The constellation is now offering broadband service in choose areas round the world.
Further sources
To seek out out extra about the SpaceX satellite tv for pc web venture, you may watch this video (opens in new tab) about the mission. Moreover, to learn an interview with Leonard Kleinrock, go to the Communications of the ACM web site (opens in new tab).